1947 Partition of India and Pakistan Part-2
from 1920 to 1947 reality of savarkar and Subhas Chandra bose ?? what was the exact reason behind India and Pakistan partition ?? what was the reason that after the 1920s the divide between the Hindus and Muslims kept on increasing ??
What role did Savarkar, Jinnah, Netaji, and Gandhi head in it?
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar A major figure of Hindu nationalism. He had popularised the word “hindutava”. people have a very black-and-white opinion regarding Savarkar. people like him a lot or they hate him frequently.
In the beginning like Jinnah, Savarkar was also a patriot. With his brother Ganesh, he founded “The Abhinav Bharat society” and wrote the book on the 1857 revolution calling it the “first war of independence”.He met the Russian Marxist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin and Jinnah, he protested the Morley mento reforms against giving separate electorate to Muslims. His protest was quite violent he had provoked Madan Lal Dhingra into assassinating a British officer and had supplied a pistol to anant Laxman to assassinate the collector of Nasik. But he caught up and the British arrested him for violent crimes. And like the other revolutionaries of the time, he was also sentenced to Kala Pani.
Savarkar had spent a few months in jail when his courage failed him. And he submitted his first mercy petition to the British. in the next 10 years, he had written six mercy petitions. In his petition, he wrote that he is the son of the British government and promised that he would stop all his activities against the Britishers because of this mercy petition Savarkar and his brother were released from Kala Pani. And were put in the Ratnagiri jail in 1921.
He remained there till 1924 and was released there. he marked his promises and did not protest against the Britishers.
In 1923 he wrote an essential of Hindutva. Savarkar was a self-declared atheist. For him, Hindutva was a political ideology not religious while for him the definition of Hindutva Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists were all Hindus while the Muslims and Christians were left out.
The Definition of Hindu Nationalism, Muslim Nationalism, and Indian Nationalism:-
Tilak:-
On one hand, were the personalities like Savarkar who believed in Hindutva ideology and i its contrast were people like Bal Gangadhar tilak.
Tilak was also a Hindu and a socially conservative man. For several matters he was really conservative like
1 he opposed the schools for girls
2 opposed increasing the marriage age of girls from 10 to 12 years
But being conservative tilak was among the people whose nationalist ideology believed in inclusiveness. He believed in bringing people together instead of dividing people in the name of religion.
One of the closest associates of Bal Gangadhar Tilak was actually Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Who helped tilak to fight several cases of sedition. While the credit for the Indian nationalist movement against the Britishers often goes to Mahatma Gandhi. But in reality, tilak had started the Indian nationalist movement before Gandhi. That’s why he is known as the “father of Indian unrest”.
Oppose of partition of Bengal:-
In 1905 he launched the Swadeshi movement and took out the process opposing the partition of Bengal. After this, in 1915 Gandhi returned to India when he joined the freedom struggle movement than tilak got very old and Mahatma Gandhi became the new face of the freedom struggle later he was joined by Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Maulana Azad, Subhas Chandra Bose, c rajgopalachari, Lal bahadur Shastri, jay Parkash Narayan, and Bhagat Singh. The people believed in different ideologies in several regards but one thing was common is that they did not believe in inclusiveness.
When bose became the president of the congress he imposed a condition on the membership of congress that whoever the person is part of Hindu Mahasabha or Muslim Mahasabha can not be a member of Congress.
Bhagat Singh in the manifesto of naujawan Bharat sabha also imposed a similar condition that any person affiliated with any communal organization could not take membership in his association.
Difference Between the Hindu nationalist and nationalist Hindus:-
Hindu nationalists were people like Sarkar who believed the Hindu nation to be their priority and excluded other religions.
On the other hand were people like tilak, Gandhi, and bose who were nationalist Hindus. Hindus believed in nationalism but didn’t believe other religions to be inferior. Did not create division between the religions. For the nationalist Hindus, Hinduism meant tolerance, unity, and brotherhood.
It is the same thing with Muslim nationalists before independence several members of the Muslim league were Muslim nationalists like Rahmat Ali Khan in the 1930s suhravardy and after the 1930s Jinnah had also become a Muslim nationalist.
On the other hand, there were nationalist Muslims like Maulana Azad and khan Abdul Ghaffar khan who believed that the country comes before religion.
All India Azad Muslim conference was an organization under which several nationalist Muslim parties had come together. Who said we are Indians and India is our home? They did not want to create an exclusive country for their religion.
Real Partition of India Starts:-
Till the 1930s three distinct streams of ideologies existed in India. Hindu nationalists, Muslim nationalists, and Indian nationalists.
Later the partition of India was basically the story of the struggle between these three ideologies.
- In Jan 1933, Rahmat Ali demanded the country Pakistan. He published a pamphlet titled:- “now or never”. “Are we to live or perish forever”??
- on another hand 1937s Ahmedabad session of the Hindu Mahasabha, two national resolution was adopted.
- Jinnah meet Linlithgow and promised him that the Muslim league will support the British in Germany on the behalf of the Muslim league wants a separate country instead of making a federation.
- on the other hand, Sarkar also meet Linlithgow and promises to help the British on the condition that they had to make a dominion state after the war.
- in 1940 Lahore session of the Muslim League resolution was adopted for a different country • All India Azad Muslim league protested against it with the slogan “Pakistan murdabad.”
- Bose met Jinnah and Savarkar to convince them but it did not work.
- in August 1947 mahatma Gandhi launches the quit India movement.
- bose cooperated with japan and formed Azad hind fauj. Give me your blood and I will give you freedom and decided to attack the British from the side of northeast India.
- Sarkar and Jinnah opposed this war and savarkar provokes Hindu Mahasabha members to join the British army.
- on 15 August 1943 Savarkar starts endorsing the demands of Jinnah and two nation theory.
- in the 1946 elections Jinnah’s legitimacy of increase further.
- In 1946 UK president Churchill was replaced by clement Attlee who oppose partition that’s why he send a cabinet mission plan to India.
- On another side, in 1943 viceroy Linlithgow was also replaced by Archibald Wavell and also he was against partition.
- Nehru opposed the cabinet mission but Jinnah supported that.
- The Cabinet mission plan failed bez it divides India into many groups which were not accepted by the true leaders.
- This was the last desperate attempt to avoid partition.
- On the 15th of August 1946, Jinnah announced direct action day this is basically seen as a call for riots.
- On 3rd June 1947, Mountbatten’s plan was accepted.
- Finally, on 14th august, Pakistan formed a state for Muslims and on the other hand, India remained a secular country
Conclusion:-
In the whole story of the 1920s to 1940s the leader provoked each other to such an extent that people were told to fight for their religions instead of fighting for their countries. This was the story of India and Pakistan!!!!
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1947 Partition of India and Pakistan
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